Marketing Plan Phase 1 - 1325 Words

Running head: Marketing Plan – Phase I Paper Sony Electronics – SONO Stick University of Phoenix MKT/421 – Marketing Facilitator: Chris Ross April 23, 2007 Sony Electronics – SONO Stick Introduction The introduction of any new product can be and intense process for any company. The Sony organization is a large world wide corporation that since its inception has proven to work towards electronics innovation. The new product that Sony is reviewing is the Sono-stick and prior to the development of this product several items will be reviewed; the overview of existing organization, a description of the product, the importance of marketing, SWOT analysis and the market research approach. The full marketing plan for this†¦show more content†¦An organization that knows not only its target market but has also researched the best way to market the products to this target market. This will ensure the products are known and purchased. This helps the company to increase revenue and also to obtain funds for future product development and marketing strategies. SWOTT Analysis The Sono-Stick’s strengths are to replace the current CD-Stereos we have in our vehicles. Rather than a CD player, it would read storable static memory cards, like the ones in cameras and cell phone. Currently consumers are carrying around cables and external speakers because they can t find the needed connections. The Sono-Stick would solve that problem with its small size and fast data transfer speed. The Sono-Stick’s weaknesses may be the size. It can easily be misplaced. The Sono-Stick’s opportunities will alleviate current connections to IPod s and other MP3 players to stereos, that require a cord and will only work on certain stereos. This Sono-Stick is like the thumb-drive or USB-drive currently used for data storage, but would have a different connector and would act as a keychain. Since there are no moving parts, the stereo can be any shape or size, needing only a display for the driver and passenger interface. Consumers can load their favorite mix of 1000 songs where ever they go, rather than have a box of CD s, or worry that aShow MoreRelatedMarketing Plan: Phase 11621 Words   |  7 PagesMarketing Plan: Phase l This marketing plan will give an overview of the existing organization and describe a new product or service. An explanation of the importance of marketing for the selected organization’s success will be addressed. A SWOTT analysis on the new product or service will be written. In addition, the marketing research approach used to develop the marketing strategy and tactics for this new product or service will be stated (University of Phoenix, 2011). Existing organizationRead MoreSt. Dismas Assisted Living Facility Project Action Plan -- 3 Essay683 Words   |  3 Pages1. Draw a Gantt chart for the construction phase of the program. 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Lastly, the different marketing components addressed in the simulation will be summarized. Phase I Sales of the Cruiser Thorr are decreasing. 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The plan has a goal of improving aspects such as sales and marketing, budgeting, planning, hiring and training all while using technology to assist in the assignment of roles, and to discover correlationsRead MoreKey Components Of Marketing Plan For Godiva Gems923 Words   |  4 PagesNAME: ELVIS BITOK KEY COMPONENTS OF MARKETING PLAN FOR GODIVA GEMS INTRODUCTION Marketing plan is key component of attaining companies’ objectives. The study seeks to examine the key components of marketing plan for Godiva Gems. LITERATURE REVIEW Segmentation It is the division of a market into homogeneous groups of consumers, each expected to respond to a different marketing mix (Dictionary of Business). 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Lincoln Electric Case Study free essay sample

Running head: LINCOLN ELECTRIC CASE STUDY Lincoln Electric Case Study Edris Holland Grand Canyon University Leading As a General Manager: LDR 620 Professor Brian Johnson July 27, 2011 Lincoln Electric Case Study Lincoln Electric Case Study Questions 1. Does Lincoln follow a hierarchical or decentralized approach to management? Explain your answer and give examples. Lincoln follows a decentralized approach to management. The company has an open-door policy for all top executives, middle managers, and production workers, and regular face-to-face communication is encouraged. Workers are expected to challenge management if they believe practices or compensation rates are unfair. According to (Daft, 2010) open-book management is used in decentralized organizations to share the financial condition of a company with all employees. Open-book management encourages active participation in achieving organizational goals, helps the employee understand how his or her job affects the financial success of the organization, and allows employees to see the interdependence and importance of each business function (Daft, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Lincoln Electric Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 560). . Based on what you’ve just read, what do you think makes the Lincoln System so successful in the United States? Lincoln uses a diverse control approach. Tasks are precisely defined, and individual employees must exceed strict performance goals to achieve top pay. The incentive and control system is powerful. Production workers are paid on a piece-rate basis, plus merit pay based on performance. Employees are also eligible for annual bonuses, which fluctuate according to the company’s profits, and they participate in stock purchase plans. A worker’s bonus is based on four factors: work productivity, work quality, dependability, and cooperation with others. Some factory workers at Lincoln have earned more than $100,000 a year. 3. The problem with transporting Lincoln’s control systems to other national cultures is Managers at international plants failed to meet their production and financial goals every year and they exaggerated the goals sent to Lincoln’s managers to receive more resources, especially during the recession in Europe and South America. Many overseas managers had no desire to increase sales, and workers were found sleeping on benches because not enough work was available. The European labor culture was hostile to the piecework and bonus control system. The suggestions I would you make to Lincoln’s managers to make future international manufacturing plants more successful is the need to socialize the expat as they did the United States worker increasing the â€Å"buy in. † Team building sessions and coaching with reward incentives and ceremonies to increase moral. There should be no workers sleeping on the job and staffing should be regulated according to the work to be done which can be done by implementing job sharing. A cultural assessment needs to be done in each company and inject that culture into the vision of each company’s culture inclusive of foods in the lunch room cultural socialization practices and tighter control. A hierarchy system with room for growth and advancement also could be introduced. A program like six sigma control would be useful to identify measure and improve the bottom line and customer satisfaction in the company. . Should Lincoln borrow money and pay bonuses to avoid breaking trust with its U. S. workers? Why or why not. No, I believe they should downsize and go back to what works as well as forming and guiding coalition to trouble shoot and maybe get and outside agency to evaluate the issues for organizational improvement and ways to increase the company’s supply chain. Conclusion Lincoln Electri c has established itself over the last 100-years as a successful company and a desired employer. Lincoln Electric has developed a set of techniques and policies that help to make it a desirable employer; these include the piece-rate pay program, the year-end bonus and incentive program, as well as employee involvement programs. Each of these tools serves as a factor between the dependent and the independent variable. The independent variables were defined as motivation and ability-job fit while the dependent variables were identified as absenteeism, turnover, job satisfaction and productivity will necessitate strategic control changes to adapt to the global market to be competitive by implementing alternative ontrol measures by outsourcing to continue the company’s success (Buller Schuler, 2006). References Daft, R. L. (2010). Understanding Management. (9th ed. ). p. 560. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. . Buller Schuler (2006). Managing organizations and people: Cases in management, Organizational behavior and human resource management. Mason: Thomson South- Western. Lincoln Electric: A Case Study: Joe Attinello, Cali Cook, Alia Goss, Kurt Oliver, Mark Strom, Mike Torbenson Business 305Linda Gibson. October 7, 2005. Retrieved from www. plu. edu

Eadweard Muybridge 1830-1904 Talented Photographers

Question: Discuss about the Report for Eadweard Muybridge 1830-1904 of Talented Photographers. Answer: Introduction Eadweard Muybridge is one of the most known talented photographers in the world though he died long time ago. He was born in England in the year 1830 in town called Surrey. He later moved to the United States of America in the year 1851 where he worked has a commission merchant for London printing and publishing company. While doing the merchant job, he was privileged to learn about photographic work from Selleck who used to produce images on a plate of chemically treated metal or glass. He died 74 years later. This photographer developed the best types of photos, which are far much best than those produced by the person who taught him artistic work. Characteristics of Muybridge This man possesses some distinctive characteristics which are very fundamental in the line of business. One of the most important significant characters he had was passion. This is viewed from the way he liked his job of photographing. He was always into his job and he never complained about it even for a single time. Muybridge left the work with the printing firm in order to fully base his work on the call for best sets of photographing work (Evans Glass, 2014). Furthermore, he traveled far and wide to take photographs and display them. Additionally he was a very hardworking man. Muybridge left his home country in search for job opportunity in another country was an aspect of hard work. He traveled all the way to the United States of America in search for green pastures at a very tender age of 20. This gives us an explicit view that he liked to grow to be an independent man in the society (Muybridge et al, 2010). This aspect is also illustrated through opening of his own firm and c ompanies dealing with printing work at the same time photo shop. Supplementary, he has seen has a very determined man. Despite the fact that there were great photographers in California the likes of Charles Weed and Robert Vance, he was never deterred but affirmed and started his photographing works. When he entered into this new market, he became the best beating his proponents in the industry. This generated the new person in him and thus opened his photo shop in California. Importance of the photographer Through the study of works of Muybridge, one depicts some of the most important features as shown by the work of this man. One of the advantages of studying this is to equip ourselves on the development and the enhancement of the photographic work. One gets the view that it was started way back in the 1980s with Muybridge being among the pioneers of the evolution of this artistic work. Through these studies, we realize that for one to succeed in this field, one ought to be dedicated. Muybridge travelled very far in the process of establishing himself in this field. The fanatics of photographer are given the knowledge, which requires them to always perform several trials in order to produce the intended results. This man tried several shots from all of types of view in producing of the snaps. Moreover, he makes us understand the role of specialization in the labor industry (Rascaroli, Young Monahan, 2014, p. 6). During his course of producing photographs, he was able to specialize la ter on human and animal movement styles. One sees that he was able to come up with a shoot, which clearly shows that man, and animals move in a given base. Additionally the manner of movement is unusually uniform on how they raise their legs from the surface. He always showed on the importance of education in any economic sector. This artist continued with learning and at the same time lecturing in the university. His soul aim was to perfect and know more on the photographic works. Most of his students and the colleagues admired his spirit of doing things. Most of the articles were written in remembrance of his determination to succeed even in times of trials. He was also fascinated in the accomplishment of the tasks in which one anticipated to do without being stopped by the circumstances. One sees that, he returned into photography work even after the trials he was facing as a result of killing of his wifes lover. He never gave up given the fact that the case is one of the mostly deadly and time-consuming. The context Through the analysis of the works of this man, one realizes that there were a lot of themes which evolved. Muybridge work was founded on the social consideration, cultural and the technical perspective. According to the social aspect, one get glue that this man was very outstanding (Cubitt, 2014). He travelled far in the process of doing photography work. He was often considering the information given to him by other people in the field of photography. These greatly build this man into the best one ever imagined off. Moreover, the position of being a student and a lecturer at the same a writer means that he had a great perception of connecting with people. His travelling needed a sociable and outgoing person (Stremba Bisson, 2009). This is because of travelling far and wide in the line of duty. According to cultural perspective, Muybridge failed this terribly. This is because he engaged too much on the unethical site of view while producing of the photographs. He was perplexed on th e nudity of both male and female from any angle. This is against the codes of ethics in the society (Philagrafika Organization, Moore College of Art and Design Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, 2011, p. 11). The murdering of the wifes lover presented him as a much uncultured man since killing is against the culture of the human race. Moreover, staying far away from his motherland means that it was too much into other cultures of the world than that of where he was routed. Additionally, this man loved city life very much. He travelled to several cities just to perform photographical work of those cities. Some of the examples of these cities are those of San Francisco in which he took between the year 1867 and 1881. After marrying, he did not have time for his wife causing her to commit adultery. His irresponsibility is to be blamed for this mess in the downfall for their marriage. The failure to attend the burial of his wife was also down fall for this great photographer (Leet Hill, 2011, p. 5). The all world is especially on the family law requires that the family especially the husband to be present in such event when the wife dies. Through living his son in the hands of the society th at is orphanage was very wrong and is criticized seriously by the cultural. It is required that the remaining parent ought to take care of the children after the other dies prematurely. According to technical perceptive, the photos of this photographer were into the point, as shown below: He ensured that they were instant on shutter. Through his technical brain in the field of arts, Muybridge was found to produce best photographs from different angles. The best which left the whole world in marvel was the jumping of the horse at a given length. Through the practice termed as galloping horse. In this series which he performed between the year 1872-1873, one finds that throughout this period he was intending to analyze a give characteristic of this animal jumping. His photographs deduced that people and animals actually move and permanently alter the perception of time and speed (as shown below): This was clearly illustrated through the subsequent demonstration he performed in Pennsylvania University in the year 1984 and 1987. This man is also termed the father of Zoo gyroscope. This is the situation in which shutter display of photos in a succession series (Morris, 2009, p. 7). This man advanced this technology in the year 1879. This gave him the name stop-action series photographer. A description he obtained from his fanatics in the photographing industry. Most of photographs gave the images of the reflection of the streets. For instance, the pictures he took between the year 1875-1876 shows Panama and Guatemala in very beautiful and captivating position admired by many up to date (as depicted below). Personal views about photographer Despite of the great memories in which he left in this world, I strongly view him an s a very reckless man due to the kind of concentration he gave and showed the public. Some of his work though admired by many depicts totally how immoral he was. The act of taking photos shows the body parts of male and the females is very much against the human codes of ethics. The society strongly disagrees with this. However, the great regency he left behind in the photographic industry should be emulated by the current generation and if possible they improved it and take into the other level (College Art Association of America, 2011, p. 5) Comparison of Muybridge works to those of other photographs in the 21st century Both the photos were taken by using of the shutter part of the camera. They were clear in nature and most were taken with and intention of passing out certain information. Besides, some were absolutely used for pleasuring of the eyes of the photographer (Leet Hill, 2011, p. 11). Differences The ancient photos used plate of chemically treated metal or the glass in showing of the production of the images of sites in the world. This was very difficult process though determined persons likes of Muybridge made it through and even advanced by inventing of the automatic shutters display (Adam, 2014). The 21st century photos solely depend in its production through the use of the computers and the laptops. This is very simple. It came in due to the advanced technology we are experiencing in this century. Reference List College Art Association of America. (2011). CAA 100 College Art Association : February 9-12, 2011, New York, New York. [S.l.], Conference Medi Cubitt, S. (2014). The practice of light: a genealogy of visual technologies from prints to pixels. Evans, B., Glass, A. (2014). Return to the land of the head hunters: Edward S. Curtis, the Kwaka'wakw, and the making of modern cinema. Frawley, O. (2012). Memory Ireland. Volume 2, Volume 2. Syracuse, N.Y., Syracuse University Press. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=3410098. Jarvis, C., Jarvis, C. (2012). Pocket companion for physical examination health assessment. St. Louis, Mo, Elsevier/Saunders. Leet, S.-K., Hill, A. (2011). Reading photography: a sourcebook of critical texts, 1921-2000. Farnham, Lund Humphries. Morris, R. C. (2009). Photographies East: the camera and its histories in East and Southeast Asia. Durham [NC], Duke University Press. Muybridge, E., Adam, H.-C., Herbert, S., Muybridge, E., Muybridge, E. (2010). Eadweard Muybridge, the human and animal locomotion photographs. KoÃÅ'ˆln, Taschen Philagrafika Organization, Moore College of Art and Design Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. (2011). The graphic unconscious. Philadelphia, PA, ADAM, H.-C. (2014). Eadweard Muybridge: the human and animal locomotion photographs. Rascaroli, L., Young, G., Monahan, B. (2014). Amateur filmmaking: the home movie, the archive, the web. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1630363. Ruddy, S. (2012). This fact which is not one differential poetics in transatlantic American modernism. Thesis (Ph.D.) -- Wayne State University, 2012. Stremba, B., Bisson, C. A. (2009). Teaching adventure education theory: best practices. Champaign, Ill, Human Kinetics.

Techtonic Plates Essays - Plate Tectonics, Tectonics,

Techtonic Plates Lab Report The structure of the earth is made up of many layers, but the crust and the upper mantle make up the lithosphere. The lithosphere is divided into individual sections called plates. The rest of the mantle makes up the asthenosphere. Convection in asthenosphere causes the plates to shift and move about. We can tell where the plates are or have been because volcanoes and earthquakes have their own boundaries when the are active. Tectonic plates have three relationships with each other. The have convergent boundaries when they collide, divergent boundaries when they move apart, and transform boundaries when they slide past each other. The friction and heat caused by the plates sliding all over the place causes volcanoes if it melts the rock and earthquakes if the plates slip while sliding away and towards each other. The purpose of this lab was for us to investigate and learn about the three different kinds of plates. The model was used just like any model; To help us understand the different plates and how they work. The model is a great way to help show something which is confusing to tell in words. The lab was to construct a model showing the different kinds of boundaries. First we needed three worksheets each with a different plate on it, and three tacks to hold the plates in place. With scissors we cut out the plates and then we stuck the tacks through designated holes. With everything in tact you could move the model and see how the three plates slid back and forth against each other. 1. Along the East Rise, the plates spread farthest apart in the south (apposed to the north) 2. A convergent plate boundary exists along the Aleutian Islands of Alaska and also along the Andes Mountains in South America. Since they are convergent boundaries, that means plates around these two areas are colliding. 3. It would take Los Angeles 19,444,444.44 years to reach the location that San Francisco is in now. .6 miles = 1km 350miles La to San Fran 583.33 km =350 miles 583.33/.00003 = 19,444,444.44 1cm = .00001km Although this model was very helpful, it wasn't accurate. First of all, the model didn't show all of the plates on the earth. I think it would be important to see all of the plates to fully understand the plate tectonic theory. The model also doesn't show convection in any way. Convection would be important to show in the model because it and the combined force of gravity's what really moves the plates of the earth. The model doesn't have much identified landscape. There are a couple volcanoes labeled, but there has to be more then one mountain range on the earth.

Venture screening process Essays

Venture screening process Essays Venture screening process Essay Venture screening process Essay The new venture is an enterprise of a business nature in which there is considerable risk of loss as well as chance of gain (Oxford English Dictionary, 1989, Vol. XIX, p. 520). The word venture literally means a risky undertaking, which makes venture capitalists risk-takers. However, like all other types of investors, venture capitalists will only invest if perceived returns are greater than perceived risk. The saying, greater the risk, greater the return holds for venture capital financing provided it is not a speculative deal. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and quantify the probability of risk. The study by MacMillan, Siegel, and Narasimha have been undertaken to determine which criteria are important for evaluate new venture proposals. Some criteria have been point out by the Journal as the common criteria. This article is going to have a review on those criteria provide by MacMillan, Siegel, and Narasimaha and have a critical analysis whether those criteria provided could make the venture proposals successful. Summaries of the journal According to the study, the most important criteria is the quality of the entrepreneur that ultimately determines the funding decision. In the first part of the study, 24 criteria were scaled under 5 catalogs and use a survey method to examine the importance of them. The results of the study have found out that personality and experience, product and market characteristics and financial consideration are the most important criteria for venture capitalists to qualify the proposals. For personality and experience, the most important personality characteristics are evidence of staying power and an ability to handle risk. For product and market characteristics, the most important characteristic appears to be some proprietary protection. Finally for the financial considerations, the key concerns are with high upside potential and high investment liquidity. Then the study has identified 5 out of 10 most commonly rated criteria as essential have to do with the entrepreneurs themselves. By and large venture capitalists will not back ventures unless the entrepreneur is capable of sustained effort, has demonstrated leadership in the past, evaluates and reacts to risk well, has a track record relevant to the venture, and is capable of articulating the venture well. The study has also point out the characteristics of critically flawed proposals is a is important for venture capitalists to qualify the projects. That is , proposals that would be rejected by a significant majority of venture capitalists if they had only two flaws of the previous mentioned five most important criteria. Finally, with a factor analysis, the study allocates the venture capitalists into 3 broad types the Purposeful Risk Managers, the Determined Eclectics and the Parachutists. The Purposeful Risk Managers seeks the entrepreneurs with demonstrated leadership skills and a product and market with characteristics that clearly reduce the risk to manageable levels. The Determined Eclectics appear to deliberately impose an absolute minimum number of restrictions. And the Parachutists willing to support most ventures as long as they feel that they have a high liquidity parachute. The study by MacMillan, Siegel and Narasimha did provide us some common criteria for evaluating new proposals, but there are still some critics on those criteria listed by the author. Critiques of the journal According to the conclusion of the journal, the most important thing to consider for evaluation a new proposal is the quality of the entrepreneur. But in the real world venture capital practices there are some cases which quite match the criteria provide by MacMillan, Siegel and Narasimha and still failed. For example, according to the information provided by the study of MacMillan, Siegel and Subbanarasimha 1987, the investment on a highly familiar with the targeted market and had a well-established relevant track record team could just failed because the lack in capacity for sustained and intense effort. And also, according to the flawed ventures studies in this journal, it was said that if the proposals cannot match at least two of those indicator criteria the venture capitals would give up it. But there do are some example that represents a venture team lacking in terms of all the desirable criteria but only have high product protection and become successful. Finally, we should mention that Research by social judgment theorists suggests that espoused decision-making processes (that this present arguing study fallen in) may be a less than accurate reflection of in use decision-making processes (Shepherd, 1999, p.76). Conclusion The study that carried out by MacMillan, Siegel and Narasimha provide us some common criteria for evaluating new venture proposals. Those criteria are useful tools to indicate the successful of certain venture. Some of those criteria are key finds that still influence the venture capitalists in nowadays. But we should also notice there are numbers of criteria for judging a new proposal and some of those criteria have been marked as important criteria. But in real world practice proposals might be failed just because the lacking of the least important criteria even if they have all the other important criteria. And also, some venture cases may well successful with only one less important criteria (product protection) even they do not have any other desirable criteria mentioned by the study. As venture capital present a risk taking action, it is better to have a careful view on those criteria and chose the most appropriate one to reduce the risk to the lowest point. REFERENCES MacMillan, Zemann, Subbanarasimha, P. N 1987, Journal of Business Venturing Criteria distinguishing successful from unsuccessful ventures in the venture screening process Fred Pries 2001, Distinguishing successful from unsuccessful venture capital investments in technology-based new ventures: How investment decision criteria relate to deal performance, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Brealey Myers, Principles of corporate finance, McGraw-Hill 2003

Supply chain project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Supply chain project - Research Paper Example The organization has a strong tradition and heritage in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. In terms of customer preference the brand is known as the most popular brands. This Al Ain water company is owned by the AGTHIA group. This group of companies is one of the leading listed companies in the Abu Dhabi securities and stock market. The organization has various product lines, such as Al Ain bottled water. Under this segment the organization used to sell pure natural water, flavoured water and added fluoride and calcium water. Under the fruit drink segment the organization used to sell Capri Sun. this product is very much popular among the children. This Capri Sun is used to manufacture in several leading countries including USA. Moreover, the organization has launched Al Ain 5 Gallon water. Lastly, WOW Vitamin water is known as effective healthy drinks that have been introduced by the organization. The organization has strong international presence. They used to export their product in four l eading Middle East countries, such as, Bahrain, Oman, Kuwait and Qatar. Moreover, there Capri Sun is very much popular among the children in several international places. Several developed and developing countries including USA have the manufacturing facility of this specific product. In terms of logistic activities, Al Ain mineral water used to supply their bottled mineral water to several popular UAE based international airlines. Fly Emirates and Etihad are the leading clients of Al Ain water. The manufacturing and delivery process is quite adequate. Moreover, the organization always used to control the quality of products in order to gain customer loyalty. Inventory Al Ain mineral water organization has implemented advanced information communication technology in their inventory management. They have implemented PDA service in their warehouses in order to find and deliver the products in quick period of time. In terms of raw materials, they used to collect the water from the moun tains with full of calcium and mineral. Effective R&D team, skilled employees and integrated manufacturing and distribution process has helped the organization to finish the products. Moreover, the organization used to collect fresh fruit in order to add fresh and healthy extracted juice in the mineral water bottles. The life cycle of their stock is not more than 6 weeks (Shauter & Theillio, 2006). In the fifth week of the inventory cycle the organization used to place reorder in order to utilize the time of distribution. The organization has implemented manufacturing and merchandise inventory. For an example, in terms of Al Ain mineral water organization, raw materials, work in progress and finished goods come under merchandise inventory segment. The organization has classified its inventory basis on several aspects of business operation. The major aim of quadrant model is to focus on the vendor relations, prioritization and inventory. The organization has managed its critical prod ucts, Such as Capri Sin based on the criticality aspect. Then the organization has developed effective and strong relationship with its vendors and target customers basis on the product uniqueness and organizational value and mission. They have reduced unnecessary transportation cost and stockade level. The organization has implemented push forward strategy for the critical items. EOQ model is an effective inventory management Model. The following is the figure of the model. Moreover,

Theories of Policy Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theories of Policy Process - Essay Example The theory implies some policies can only change if certain restrains like stickiness and stakes of an institution are available. Policies are categorized into long-term policies and short-term policies. An example is if the country’s constitution states that a president should rule for two terms it is very difficult to implement a new policy, which suggests that the president must rule for one term, or three terms. Punctuated equilibrium theory seeks to explain simple observations like political processes. Political processes are continually associated with incrementalism and stability; they rarely produce large-scale departures from the past. Most policy areas experience stasis even though a crisis can occur. America is experiencing large-scale changes in policymaking and politics. Some Government programs can be altered in order to accommodate change. Strengths The theory includes periods of stasis or near equilibrium. In the event that an issue is seized by a subsystem and periods of disequilibrium, then a macro political agenda occurs. A macro political agenda can advance to the extent of causing changes in the policy process. Therefore, according to this theory small changes result in large changes. Weakness The theory is only applicable to situations facing stasis or equilibrium. In the event that there is no equilibrium variables and need for change, then the policy fails to exist. The Stage Heuristic Theory The theory states that the best way to study policymaking is to break it down to stages.